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The end of 2008 brought to a close a very productive year for Linux and Linux distributions. Ranging from a new kernel release to an onset of some of the best distributions yet, Linux desktops and server distributions are making headway at the cost of all other operating systems. As an ode to all that Linux, distributions, open source software and developers have achieved over the years, this is perhaps a good time to take a trip down memory lane.

The long road to now

Linux has come a long way since Linus Torvalds released his source code in 1991 for the kernel he had developed. In the beginning, even the naming was not so certain ('Linux' acquired its name only when the systems administrator responsible for the distribution of the first code release via FTP named the directory 'Linux'; 'Freax' was the name originally thought up by Torvalds). But now, Linux is a well-known operating system kernel, and distributions running Linux as their core are the de-facto standard in server environments, and becoming increasingly common in home and office user desktop environments.

Initially released under its own license that restricted commercial activity, it was soon re-released in 1992 under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This allowed Linux and GNU developers to work together to release a complete operating system based on the Linux kernel - because a kernel itself gets you nowhere. Linux is now over 17 years old. Its free nature meant that it developed fast, and even less than a year after it was released, there were related newsgroups springing up and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) expressing interest in releasing a GNU system alongside Linux.

Tux In February 1992 came the first Linux distribution - MCC Interim Linux. Soon afterwards, the Linux version 0.95 became capable of working with the X Window System, and thus acquired the graphical windowing abilities so necessary to succeed in the operating system market. This was followed by the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) distribution and although it did not last very long, it led to the development of Slackware Linux, from which some of the most popular distributions of today were originally derived. In 1993, Ian Murdoch released Debian Linux, while the following year marked the release of Red Hat Linux and SuSE Linux (as it was then spelt).

By now, Linux distros had acquired full operating system capabilities, such as graphical systems, networking tools and multi-architecture support. The four major distros (SuSE, Red Hat, Debian, and Slackware) would go on to become the base for most of the Linux distributions that followed. Linux pulled a publicity stunt in 1996 with the introduction of Tux, the plump penguin mascot that we have come to associate so lovingly with Linux.

1998 marked the release of the Kool Desktop Environment (KDE) and, for the first time, a Linux distro would be able to gain Graphical User Interface (GUI) properties. Prior to this, all Linux work was done on the command line. This release was, perhaps, the first time Linux could be applicable to the home user and desktop. Do remember that at this time, Microsoft Windows was already into its Windows 98 iteration, which had a very powerful GUI - so complete that the command line had practically become redundant. On the distribution side, another popular project arrived in 1998: Mandrake Linux. After a few mergers and renames, this would later be known as Mandriva Linux.

KDE 1.1

KDE 1.1
(full image size: 479kB, screen resolution 800x600 pixels)

The GNOME project had its first release in 1999. Contrary to the completeness and option-driven configurability of KDE, GNOME aimed at power through simplicity. In many ways, this kind of thing put Linux distributions at an advantage against other proprietary operating systems: users now had a choice of a GUI, and that too for free. Even though the level of complexity KDE and GNOME had reached by that stage was nothing compared to what Microsoft had developed, it was, nevertheless, the humble beginning that has led to the brilliant desktops that we are familiar with on today's Linux distributions.

GNOME 1.x

Red Hat Linux with customised GNOME from 1999
(full image size: 897kB, screen resolution 1024x768 pixels)

OpenOffice.org was released in late 2002, as was the first free sound codec, Ogg Vorbis. By now, Linux distributions were beginning to match Windows, capability for capability. 2003 was the year Red Hat announced its Fedora derivative, then called 'Fedora Core'. Many people then criticised it for being a test bed for Red Hat's main commercial product - Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Finally, in 2004 arrived the distribution that would win over the greatest number of desktop users in the Linux world due to its user friendliness: Ubuntu.

Ubuntu 4.10

Ubuntu 4.10 "Warty Warthog"
(full image size: 47kB, screen resolution 600x450 pixels)

By that time, Linux distributions were becoming common, and no longer the domain of the specialised. Linux desktops were becoming more and more sophisticated, and the very nature of Linux meant that the more people used it, the faster it developed. In November 2006, Novell signed an 'agreement' with Microsoft that safeguarded it from being sued over 'possible patent infringements'. The Linux community did not take kindly to this - most were of the opinion that this was an acknowledgement of Microsoft's long-standing claims of patent infringements. This led to a temporary sidelining of Novell's SUSE distribution by the Linux community. openSUSE's popularity would also suffer due to this development.


Where Linux stands today

Today, Linux distributions power most of the demanding server market: Google, Wikipedia, IBM, NASA, etc. There are hundreds of distributions to choose from, for all purposes. Many of the major ones feature delightful GUIs and easy installations. Linux distributions offer alternatives to nearly every feature other proprietary operating systems offer. Linux is becoming increasingly easier to use. As features are added, and more developers actively work with the Linux distributions, or with the companies behind the distributions, Linux is getting better by the day.

Today, Linux is beginning to rival Microsoft Windows, the dominant desktop operating system. And in doing so absolutely free of cost to the average, non-commercial user, it is carving out a portion of the market for itself. And the GNU GPL nature of Linux and its distributions ensures that Linux will gather steam at an exponential rate: more popularity leading to even more development, and so in a cycle. The open-source model is doing Linux a world of good.

Where you may find the Linux distributions of the 'morrow'

Linux is flexible. That lends it to uses where other operating system kernels may not venture without much manipulation. We can see expansive feature capabilities: touch hardware features or support for specialised hardware. Linux distributions could provide system-wide voice recognition, interface with other non-computer household electronics, offer personal task management or artificial intelligence. It is all dependent on where the programmer is willing to take it. We may see Linux distributions being placed in embedded and mobile systems (for example, the Google Android is a Linux 'distro' of sorts) and electronics around us. And obviously, the PC.
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Odlično! :thumbs Pa postaj ovdje prijevod, pobrinem se ja za ostalo...
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Krajem 2008 završila je jedna vrlo produktivna godina za Linux i Linux distribucije. Izaskom novih verzija kernela i daljnim razvojem ponajboljih distribucija dolazi do pojačanog širenja Linux distribucija u području servera i desktopa, na uštrb drugih operativnih sustava. Kako bi odali počast svemu što su linux distribucije, programi otvorenog koda i programeri postigli ove godine prisjetit čemo se kako je sve počelo.

Dug put do sadašnjosti

Linux je prošao dug put odkako je Linux Torvalds 1991 izdao svoj otvoreni programski kernela koji je razvio. U početku niti ime nije bilo uvriježeno. (Linux je dobio ime kada je sistemski administrator, koji je bio odgovoran za distribuciju prvotnog koda, postavio na FTP servere kod kernela u direktoriju koji je nazvao "Linux"; orginalni Torvaldsov naziv bio je "Freax"). Ali sada, Linux je dobro poznati kernel i operativni sustavi koje ga koriste su de-facto standard u svijetu servera, a polako postaju sve više udomaćeni u svijetu kućnih i uredskih računala.

Linux je prvotno bio izdan pod vlastitiom licencnom koja je zabranjivala njegovu komercijalnu upotrebu, ali već 1992 bio je ponovno izdan pod GNU General Public Licencom (GPL). To je dopustilo Linux i GNU programerima da rade zajedno kako bi izdali kompletni operativni sustav baziran na Linux kernelu - jer ipak, sa sam kernel je beskoristan. Linux je sada star preko 17 godina. Njegova slobodna narav značila je brz razvoj, a nakon manje od godinu dana od izdavanja nastale su njegove news-grupe te je Free Software Foundation (FSF) izrazila zanimanje za paralalelno izdavanje GNU-a.

Tux

U veljači 1992 izašla je prva Linux distribucija - MCC Interim Linux. Uskoro nakon toga s verzijom 0.95 razvijen je X Window sistem i na taj se način dobila sposobnost grafičkih prozora, koji su bili toliko potrebni da se Linux opearativni sustavi uključe u utakmicu s konkurencijom. Slijedila je Softlanding Linux System (SLS) distribucija koja nije trajala dugo, ali je pokrenula razvoj Slackware Linuxa iz kojeg je izašlo mnogo, danas najpoznatijih, distribucija. 1993 Ian Murdoch izdao je Debian Linux, a sljedeće godine izašli su Red Hat Linux i SuSE Linux.

Do tada Linux distribucije su postale kompletni operativni sustavi s grafičkim prozorima, alatima za mreže i podršku za razne računalne arhitekture. Na četrima glavnim distribucijama (SuSE, Red Hat, Debian i Slackware) bazirala se večina distribucija koje su uslijedile. 1996 uvedena je maskota Tux pingvina koji je i danas prva asocijacija kada se spomene riječ "Linux" i kojeg su mnogi zavoljeli.

1998 izdašao je Kool Desktop Environment (KDE) i po prvi put Linux distribucije su mogle koristiti Grafičko korisničko sučelje (GUI) za rad i administraciju. Do tada se sav posao u Linuxu odvijao u komandnoj liniji. Nakon toga linux je dobio mogućnost korištenja na kućnim i uredskim računalima. Microfost Windows je tada bio u verziji Windows 98, koja je imala močan i razvijen GUI i komandna linija je bila praktički suvišak. 1998 izašla je Mandrake Linux distribucija, koja je nakon nekoliko spajanja i preimenovanja postala Mandriva Linux.

KDE 1.1

KDE 1.1
(full image size: 479kB, screen resolution 800x600 pixels)

1999.god prvi put je izdano GNOME grafičko okruženje. Nasuprot kompletnosti i konfigurabilnosti KDE-a, GNOME je ciljao je jednostavnost. Ovime Linux distribucije su prvi puta bile u prednosti naspram ostalih komercijalnih zatvorenih operativnih sustava jer su omogućavale izbor GUI-a i sve to besplatno. Iako su GNOME i KDE razvijeni do razine kompleksnosti s kojom se niti jedan proizvod Microsofta nije mogao usporediti, bio je to tek skroman početak prema današnjim modernim GUI-ma kakve poznajemo na Linux distribucijama.

GNOME 1.x

Red Hat Linux sa prilagođenim GNOME iz 1999
(full image size: 897kB, screen resolution 1024x768 pixels)

OpenOffice.org i Ogg Vorbis, prvi slobodni zvučni kodek, izdani su krajem 2002. U to vrijeme Linux distribucije su se počele natjecati sa Windowsima, korak po korak. 2003 Red Hat ja najavio Fedoru, tada zvanu "Fedora Core". Mnogi su ju kritizirali jer je skužila kao testni poligon za Red Hatov glavni komercijalni proizvod - Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Naposlijetku, 2004 stigla je distribucija koje je postala dominantna na desktop računalima koja su koristila Linux: Ubuntu.

Ubuntu 4.10

Ubuntu 4.10 "Warty Warthog"
(full image size: 47kB, screen resolution 600x450 pixels)

Linux distribucije su postale sve češće i prestale su biti rezervirane za stručnjake. Linux desktopi su postajali sve sofisticiraniji, a prema samoj prirodi Linuxa, on se sve više razvija s rastom broja korisnika. U studenom 2006, Novell je potpisao sporazum s Microsoftom koji ga je zaštitio od tužbi radi povrede patenata. Linux zajednica nije s odobravanjem prihvatila ovaj potez - koji je protumačen kao konačno priznanje Microfostu na pravo na patente za što se on godinama borio. To je dovelo do privremenog smanjenog korištenja Novellove SUSE distribucije, a samim tim i openSUSE distribuciji je pala popularnost.

Gdje je Linux danas

Danas, Linux distribucije pogone većinu najzahtjevnijih servera na tržištu: Google, Wikipedia, IBM, NASA, itd. Može se birati između stotina distribucija, za sve svrhe. Mnoge od njih imaju prekrasne GUI-je i laku instalaciju. Linux distribucije nude alternative za gotovo sve što je postoji kod komericjalih i zavtorenih operativnih sustava. Linux postaje sve lakši za koristiti. Na Linux distribucijama radi sve više programera, a iza nekih stoje jake tvrtke što sve pridonosti gotovo dnevnim poboljšanjima.

Danas, Linux izaizva Microsoft Wondows-e, koji su dominantani na desktop računalima. A to radi potpuno besplatno i na taj način zauzima sve veći dio kolača. GNU GPL priproda Linuxa i njegove distribucije osiguravaju eksponencijalan razvoj što povećava popularnost i tako u krug. Model otvorenog koda znatno donosi more dobra Linuxu.

Gdje možemo naći linux distribucije sutrašnjice?

Linux je fleksibilan. To mu omogućava da se koristi tamo gdje se kerneli drugih operativnih sustava ne mogu koristiti bez vrlo velikih promjena. Možemo vidjeti ekspanziju mogućnosti: hardwer osjetljiv na dodir ili podrška za specijalizirani hardware. Linux distribucije mogu donjeti prepoznavanje glasovnih naredbi na razini cijeloga sustava, komunikaciju s ostalom ne-računalnom kućnom elektronikom, ponuditi upravljanje zadacima i umjetnu inteligenciju. Sve ovisi o volji programera. Možda ćemo vidjeti Linux distribucije u uklopljenim i mobilnim sustavima (npr. Google Android je Linux "distribucija") i elektronici oko nas. I naravno na PC-u.
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